1+x = Be clear about future probabilities between you 2.

Significance Testing A basic outline of the principles of significance testing follows below.  You will not be expected to carry out significance tests on your data, though if you are already familiar with the statistical techniques involved, it is probably a good idea to practice them, as they are an important part of psychological research at university level. When we carry out an experiment we are attempting to prove our hypothesis. The process of hypothesis testing involves: 1. Formulating an experimental hypothesis. This is a statement about how the independent variable will affect the dependent variable. For example, our hypothesis might be that a certain drug (independent variable) will alleviate depression (dependent variable).   2. The null hypothesis (abbreviated as H0). This states that our independent variable will not have the proposed effect on the dependent variable. And that any differences we find between the groups in our experiment will be purely due to chance. For example, we might find a group of depressed people split them randomly into two groups, one of which (the experimental group) does receive the drug and other of which (the control group) receives a dummy drug known as a ‘placebo’ to control for psychological effects.  If we later found that the experimental group was less depressed, the null hypothesis (H0) would assert that this was simply due to chance (i.e. when we randomly selected the subjects into the 2 groups, we just happened by chance to put all those who were going to get better anyway into the experimental group.

Significance Testing A basic outline of the principles of significance testing follows below.  You w...

But what is the proportion of people with an IQ of 130 or more? We can calculate this, because we know that 95.44% of the population have IQs between 70 and 130. This leans only 4.56% of population, of which half (2.28%) will have an IQ of 130 or greater (the other half — also 2.28% — will, of course, have an IQ of 70 or less). So only 2.28% of the population will have an IQ of 130 or more.

But what is the proportion of people with an IQ of 130 or more? We can calculate this, because we kn...

The basic components of the statement of retained earnings include the following: Beginning balance Net Income/loss Dividends paid Ending balance The resulting calculation is then applied to the owner’s equity under the capital heading on the balance sheet.

The basic components of the statement of retained earnings include the following: Beginning balance ...